How Much Did Early Christians Refer to the Old Testament?   Feb. 2026

 

It is agreed that early Christians accepted the Old Testament, but it is interesting to compare the documented references of the Old Testament to the New. This chart showed who referred to which Old Testament passages and when. The apocrypha and pseudepigrapha are listed in a separate chart.

Rows: red = persecution of Christians, green = heresy, orange = schism, blue = Bible manuscripts, pink = strange teacher

W = Books and quotes mentioned by name or by writer       G = Quoted as God or Lord says or God’s Word   I = Implied (i.e. minor vs. 12)               Q = quotes 1 or more verses      ½  = quote of ½ verse        A = Allusion      

S = Referred to as scripture, law, or prophet said                  g = Mentions Kings with no allusion or reference      E =not scripture but good to read        X = rejected                - no reference found

Christian writer, heretic, or Bible manuscript

< Pages

Date A.D.

OT

Law

Gn

Ex

Lv

Nm

Dt

Josh

Jd

Ru

1Sam

2Sam

1 Ki

2 K

1C

2C

Ezr

Neh

Esth

Job

Ps

Prov

Ecc

SS

Isaiah

Jer

La

Eze

Dan

12

Hos

Jo

Amos

Ob

Jnah

Mic

Na

Hab

Zeph

Hag

Zech

Mal

Nash Papyrus Ex 20:2-17 and Dt 5:6-6:4f

150 B.C.

-

-

-

Q

-

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Q

-

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-

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-

-

-

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-

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-

-

-

-

-

Rahlfs 957 manuscript (Dt 25:1-3, Greek)

200-100 B.C.

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-

-

-

-

-

Q

-

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Masada

169-93 B.C.

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Q

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Rahlfs 848 (=p.Fouad 266) (Dt 31:28-30 etc. Greek)

100-1 B.C.

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Q

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Mas1a at Masada(Leviticus 4:3-9)

50-1 B.C.

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-

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Q

-

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-

Nahal Hever 5/6Hev1a,5/6Hev1b,XHev/Se3

50 B.C.-50

-

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-

-

Q

Q

-

-

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Q

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8 Hev XIIgr at Nahal Hever minor prophets

50 B.C.-50

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Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

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Q

Q

Q

Q

-

Mur 2 at Wadi Murabba’at Dt 10:1-3;11:2-3, etc.

c.132 A.D.

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Q

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-

Rahlfs 814 ms. (Gen 14:12-15, Greek Sept.)

150-200

-

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Q

-

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Dead Sea Scrolls manuscripts

before 68

-

-

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

-

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Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Dead Sea Scrolls of Genesis 1Q1, 2Q1, 4Q1, 4Q2, 4Q3, 4Q4, 4Q5, 4Q6, 4Q7, 4Q8a, 4Q8b, 4Q8c, 4Q9, 4Q10, 4Q11, 4Q12, 6Q1, 8Q1

before 68

-

-

Q

Q

-

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-

-

Mas1b at Masada 45 fragments (Lev 8:31-11:40)

25-73

-

-

-

-

Q

-

-

-

-

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Max1C Dt 33:17-21; 34:2-6

-Apr/73

-

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Q

-

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-

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-

-

Philo the Alexandrian Jew

many

20 B.C. to 50

-

W

W

W

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-

A

-

Q

-

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Nero and Domitian persecute Christians

50 & 95/96

Est 500K Christians. Christians were labeled atheists and killed for refusing to worship the emperor and pagan idols.

Clement of Rome (wrote 1 Clement)

16 ¼

96-98

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S

G

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Q

Q

Q

-

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A

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W

W

G

-

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Q

-

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A

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S

-

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½

Ignatius disciple of John (shortest version)

13

c.100-117

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W

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G

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¼

-

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-

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Trajan persecutes Christians

107-117

Answered Pliny the Younger’s letter. Christians are not to be sought after, but only killed if found.

Didache (=Teaching of the Twelve Apostles)

4 ¾

c.60-120

-

-

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Q

-

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Wadi Murabba’at (Num 1:6-7) 31 words

75-125

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Q

-

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Q

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Apology of Aristides (Greek version)

4

125or138-161

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W

-

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Epistle of Barnabas

12 ½

c.70-130

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G

W

W

W

W

-

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W

-

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W

G

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S

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S

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G

-

Hadrian persecutes Christians

118 & 134

Hadrian loved Greek culture, and persecuted both Jews and Christians. The Jewish Bar Cochba revolt happened under him.

Bar Cochba persecutes Christians

135

Christians persecuted in Israel because Christians would not join Bar Cochba’s revolt.

2 Clement (anonymous writer)

5 ¾

120-140

-

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S

-

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W

S

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Polycarp, John’s disciple, to the Philippians

3 ½

100-155

-

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Letter to Diognetus (=Mathetes to Diognetus)

5 ¼

c.130-200

-

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Q

Total Apostolic Fathers – until 155 A.D.

65

-155

0

2

3

3

1

2

2

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

2

2

0

0

5

2

0

3

2

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

2

Shepherd of Hermas

46 ½

c.115-155

-

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-

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A

-

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A

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A

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-

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-

-

A

-

Justin Martyr, philosopher and apologist

137

c.138-165

I

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

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A

Q

W

-

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W

W

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W

W

-

W

W

W

W

S

W

-

W

W

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W

W

Gnostic heresies become widespread

 

c.170-

Gnostics all believed the Creator, the God of the O.T., was evil or foolish. Rejecting the O.T., they made their own scriptures, mixing Greek paganism with Christianity.

Tatian+Diatessaron, Encratite Gnostic later

18+86

c.172

-

-

A

-

-

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½

-

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W

W

-

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A

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

Hegesippus (chronicler)

2 ½

170-180

-

-

-

-

-

-

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-

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W

W

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-

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-

Melito/Meleto of Sardis (Quartodecimian)

11

170-177/80

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

X

X

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

W

W

W

-

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-

-

W

-

W

-

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Athenagoras (apologist)

33 ½

177

-

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A

-

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S

-

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W

W

-

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-

Christians of Vienna and Lugdunum (Lyons)

6 ½

177

-

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A

-

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-

-

-

-

-

-

Persecution of Marcus Aurelius

162/166-180

Aurelius was a Stoic philosopher. Persecution, mainly in Gaul, ended with his death.

Claudius Apollinaris of Hierapolis

½

160-177/80

-

W

-

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Theophilus of Antioch (to Autolycus)

32

168-181/8

-

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W

G

-

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Q

W

W

-

-

W

W

-

W

W

-

W

W

-

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W

-

-

W

W

Ebionites (O.T. observe Law, Father, Son)

265 ½

- 188 -

-

W

Q

W

½

W

W

S

A

-

-

-

A

-

-

A

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S

A

A

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S

S

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A

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-

Irenaeus of Lyons, disciple of Polycarp

284 ¾

182-188

W

W

W

W

½

W

W

W

S

-

W

Q

Q

A

-

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W

W

-

A

W

W

¼ 

W

W

W

W

S

S

-

W

Q

-

W

-

-

W

W

Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 656 (Genesis in Greek)

100-200

-

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Q

-

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Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1074

100-200

-

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Q

-

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Rahlfs 814 ms. (Gen 14:12-15, Greek Sept.)

150-200

-

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Q

-

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Caius and the Muratorian Canon

3

190-217

W

-

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Sabellian heresy (Praxeas,Noetus,Callistus)

 

200-257-

Sabellians believed Father, Son, Spirit were one person. This allows that the Father suffered & died on the cross; they were called Patripassians for “passion of the Father”.

Persecution of Septimus Severus

202

Est. 2M Christians. Although a Christian helped him through a severe illness, he did not repeal existing laws against Christians.

Clement of Alexandria

424

193-217/20

-

-

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Q

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Q

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-

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-

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Q

W

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S

W

W

Tertullian (joined the Montanist Church)

741

198-220

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

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-

S

A

W

Q

-

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½

W

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-

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A

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W

Tertullian’s 5 Books Against Marcion

194

207/8

W

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G

G

G

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-

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Bardaisan/Bardesan of Syria (heretical)

11 ½

-224/232

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A

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Asterius Urbanus (against Montanists)

2 ¾

c.232

W

-

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Elchasaite Ebionites (said Jesus God’s Son)

2 ¼

-236-

I

W

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

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I

I

I

I

I

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I

I

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I

I

I

I

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I

I

Hippolytus, pupil of Irenaeus (undisputed)

218

222-235/6

W

W

W

W

W

W

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Q

-

-

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A

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-

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-

W

Maximin Thrax persecutes Christians

235-238

First empire-wide persecution, but only of clergy. Persecution stopped when his soldiers assassinated him.

Theodotus the probable Montanist

7 ¾

ca.240

-

-

W

-

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Q

½

-

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¼

-

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-

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-

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-

Instructions of Commodianus

16

c.240

W

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A

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-

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Scheide Papyrus 1 (=Rahlfs 967) (109 leaves)

200-250

-

-

-

-

-

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-

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Q

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-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Origen (heterodox teacher)

742

225-254

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

W

I

W

W

W

I

A

-

W

W

W

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W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Q

W

-

W

S

W

W

W

W

W

W

Severe persecution by Decius and Gallus

250-251-53

First Christian schism. Were Christians who did sacrifice but repented doomed forever (Novatian’s view), or allowed back into church after a long repentance (Orthodox view).

Novatian (his schism lasted over 200 years)

38 ½

250/254-57

W

W

W

W

-

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

½

-

-

-

-

W

-

-

-

W

-

-

A

-

-

W

W

½

-

-

-

-

W

-

-

W

-

Treatise Against Novatian

6 ½

254-256

-

W

W

Q

-

W

W

-

-

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

-

-

W

W

-

W

W

-

-

Q

-

-

-

G

-

-

S

-

W

-

Treatise on Rebaptism

11

c.250-258

W

W

-

-

-

W

-

-

W

-

-

-

W

-

-

-

-

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-

-

-

-

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-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Cyprian of Carthage (against Novatian)

250+¾

c.246-258

W

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

W

W

W

W

-

W

-

Q

-

W

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W

W

W

W

W

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

13 writers to Cyprian

21 ¼

250-258

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

Q

S

-

Q

Q

-

-

2W

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Seventh Council of Carthage (85 bishops)

7 ¼

258

-

-

½

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

½

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

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-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Pontius’ The Life and Passion of Cyprian

7 ½

After 258

-

-

-

-

-

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-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

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W

-

-

-

-

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-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Valerian persecutes Christians

257-260

2nd most severe persecution. Tolerant at first, but then Macrianus influenced him. Stopped when Persian Shapur I captured him.

Gregory Thaumaturgus (undisputed works)

28 ½

240-265

-

-

S

-

-

-

W

A

-

-

S

-

-

-

-

-

-

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-

A

-

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Dionysius of Alexandria (Origenist)

39 ½

246-265

-

-

Q

A

-

-

Q

-

-

-

-

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

S

W

Q

Q

-

W

-

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Dionysius of Rome (Against the Sabellians)

1

259-269

W

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

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-

A

S

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Aurelian Persecution

270

At first tolerant, Aurelian died soon after he decided to persecute Christians.

Anatolius of Alexandria (mathematician)

7 ½

270-280

W

W

-

W

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Papyrus Medici 13, Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1007

200-300

-

-

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

P72 (=Bodmer VII and VIII) Ps 33,34 in Greek

c.300

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Adamantius in Dialog on the True Faith

42

c.300

W

W

W

W

S

S

S

-

-

-

A

-

A

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

S

-

-

W

W

-

-

W

-

W

-

S

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

S

S

Alexander of Lycopolis Of the Manichaeans

12

301

W

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Victorinus of Petau, Austria (OT comment’r)

18 ½

Martyred 304

W

W

W

W

W

A

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A

-

-

-

W

W

-

A

W

W

-

-

-

-

-

S

-

-

-

-

W

-

Most severe persecution by Diocletian

284, 303-5

Est. 5M Christians. Most severe Roman persecution of all. Leveled churches, destroyed scriptures. Killed many Christians for not sacrificing.

Peter of Alexandria (undisputed)

8 ½

306,285-311

-

-

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A

-

-

S

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Methodius (against Origen)

79 ½

260-311/12

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

W

-

-

-

S

A

-

-

-

-

-

W

W

S

A

W

W

W

W

W

-

-

-

W

S

-

W

W

-

-

-

-

W

-

Theophilus’ Martyrdom of Habib the Deacon

5 ½

events c.315

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

S

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Athanasius prior to Nicea

56

318

-

W

W

-

-

W

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

S

-

Q

-

S

S

-

-

-

-

½

-

-

-

-

-

-

Licinius persecutes Christians in the east

315-323

At least one of Licinius’ motives was hatred of Constantine. Licinius fought and was defeated by Constantine a few times from 314 to 324 A.D.

Lactantius, tutor of Constantine’s son

305.5

c.303-c.325

W

-

½

A

-

W

W

W

-

-

W

W

W

A

Q

-

-

Q

-

-

W

W

-

-

W

W

-

A

W

W

W

-

W

-

-

W

-

-

-

-

W

W

Alexander of Alexandria - undisputed

11.5

313-326

W

W

G

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

G

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

S

Christian writer totals: all symbols except P’s

3875.5

up to 325

20

19

29

21

13

18

20

11

8

1

13

7

15

10

4

5

1

2-1

3-1

14

24

22

10

8

29

23

4

22

16

10

13

10

11

0

9

14

4

9

5

4

15

13

Vaticanus manuscript [B] in Greek

325-350

-

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Sinaiticus (Aleph) in Greek

340-350

-

-

W

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

W

W

W

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

-

-

-

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Christian writer, heretic, or Bible manuscript

pages

Date A.D.

OT

Law

Gn

Ex

Lv

Nm

Dt

Josh

Jd

Ru

1Sam

2Sam

1Ki

2K

1C

2C

Ezr

Neh

Esth

Job

Ps

Pr

Ec

SS

Isa

Jer

La

Eze

Dan

12

Hos

Jo

Am

Ob

Jn

Mic

Na

Hab

Zeph

Hg

Zech

Mal

www.Biblequery.org/Bible/BibleCanon/EarlyChristianOTGridSummary.html. References at www.Biblequery.org/Bible/bibleCanon/EarlyChristianOTGridReferences.html

by Steven M. Morrison, PhD.